What is the culture of the department?

The mission of the St. Louis Park Police Department is to provide citizens with quality service, professional conduct and a safe environment in which to live, work and learn. We are committed to an active partnership with our community as we work together to solve problems and prevent crime. We have carefully built an organizational culture that is committed to serving the community. Our officers understand our high standards for interacting with the community and with each other. They are held accountable to those standards by department leadership, which also models the behavior we expect from officers. Read more about our core values and policing strategies.

What is community-oriented policing?

Community-oriented policing is a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies that support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder and fear of crime. It is comprised of three key components: community partnerships, organizational transformation and problem solving. Learn more about community-oriented policing.

How does the department embrace the community-oriented policing model?

The St. Louis Park Police Department is a community-based police department that believes in procedural justice. We are committed to partnerships with our community, transparency, fundamental fairness, treating everyone with respect and dignity, and providing a voice to the community. These principles are the guideposts of community-oriented policing, a model we have followed since 1995. Community policing is essential to the success of the St. Louis Park Police Department.

How does the St. Louis Park Police Department work with neighboring police departments, including the Minneapolis Police Department?

All police and fire departments in Hennepin County operate under a mutual aid agreement, which allows departments countywide to assist in other communities and for them to assist St. Louis Park, if requested. The St. Louis Park, Edina, Hopkins, Minnetonka and Eden Prairie police departments have formed a partnership that allows officers from the five communities to train together and to share resources as needed. The St. Louis Park Police Department can work seamlessly and effectively with these other agencies because they share similar cultures and operating philosophies of delivering quality service and building community relationships. While the Minneapolis Police Department may call on the St. Louis Park Police Department as needed to investigate or assist with a crime, St. Louis Park police officers work much more closely and regularly with their suburban partners.

How can residents get a more in-depth look into the St. Louis Park Police Department? 

Gain hands-on, in-depth knowledge about the St. Louis Park Police Department by attending our annual Citizens' Police Academy, a 10-week course that gives residents an inside look at what it’s like to be a St. Louis Park police officer. Participants are able to learn about the role the police department plays in the community and how they can play a part in maintaining a safe community!

How many police officers work for the St. Louis Park Police Department?

Fully staffed, the St. Louis Park Police Department has 60 sworn officers. Dispatchers, officer trainees, community service officers and administrative support complete the department’s staffing.

How is the police department trying to increase diversity of backgrounds among officers?

As a department, we understand the importance of race equity and inclusion in our work and the connection with staffing our police department to reflect the community we serve. We continue to focus on ensuring that race equity and inclusion is a focal point for our department, both internally and externally, in keeping with the city’s strategic priorities. Creative recruitment processes like Pathways to Policing have led to success in hiring a more diverse group of trainee officers that bring a beneficial range of life and work experience to the department. Hiring and retention strategies are regularly evaluated to prevent barriers to any interested candidates.

What procedures are in place to ensure police officer mental health and wellness?

As part of an officer mental health initiative, in 2019 the St. Louis Park Police Department began requiring each officer to attend a mental health check-in. This is a confidential in-house program that provides employees with access to a qualified mental health professional who provides one-on-one consultation. The consultant also provides department training to promote the psychological and emotional health of officers.

What hiring practices does the department use?

When we interview candidates for police officer positions, we look foremost for character and attitude that will fit our community and organizational culture. We can teach skills, but character can’t be taught. Officer candidates take a written test and undergo two rounds of in-person interviews. Community members may participate in the interview process.

Minnesota requires any candidate for peace officer licensing to be a United States citizen, have a Minnesota driver’s license and submit to a thorough background search. That includes searches by local, state and federal agencies to disclose the existence of any criminal record or conduct which would adversely affect the performance by the applicant of peace officer duties. Candidates can’t have any felony or major drug convictions. They are required to undergo an evaluation, including an oral interview, by a licensed psychologist to determine that they are free from any emotional or mental condition which might negatively affect their performance of peace officer duties. An associate degree is the minimum required by state law to become a peace officer. Read more about Minnesota's peace officer standards and training.

Is it required that St. Louis Park police officers live in St. Louis Park?

By state law, cities can’t require that a person be a resident of that city as a condition of employment. We believe our hiring practices and ongoing training are effective in ensuring that an officer fits the culture and expectations of the St. Louis Park Police Department and the community, regardless of what city they call home. In addition, engagement work in the community by our officers – from working in the schools to coaching sports team to participating in fundraising for community organizations like Children First and Perspectives, Inc. - helps build personal connections to those we serve.

Are St. Louis Park Police Department officers thoroughly vetted to ensure that they do not have a history of abuse, racism, xenophobia, homophobia, transphobia or discrimination?

Yes. State rules require candidates for peace officer licensing to be a United States citizen, have a Minnesota driver’s license and submit to a thorough background search. That includes searches by local, state and federal agencies to disclose the existence of any criminal record or conduct that would adversely affect the performance by the applicant of peace officer duties. Candidates can't have any felony or major drug convictions. They are required to undergo an evaluation, including an oral interview, by a licensed psychologist to determine that they are free from any emotional or mental condition which might negatively affect the performance of peace officer duties.

How many police officers serve as school resource officers in the St. Louis Park schools?

Four police officers are assigned as school resource officers during the school year, serving as resources for students, teachers and school administrators. One officer is assigned to St. Louis Park High School, one to St. Louis Park Middle School and one to Aquila, Susan Lindgren and Peter Hobart elementary schools and Park Spanish Immersion School. The fourth school resource officer serves Benilde-St. Margaret’s and several other private schools in St. Louis Park.

What are school resource officers assigned to do?

School resource officers can assist with concerns about children who may be the victim of abuse or neglect, students who may be gravitating toward the wrong crowd, handling harassment or threats, identify early signs of juvenile alcohol or drug use and provide referrals to agencies that provide counseling, mediation or other assistance. They also handle questions about laws regarding truancy, curfew, smoking and driving privileges and respond to concerns about suspicious persons near bus stops, parks or schools. Learn more about, including names and contact information, each of the assigned school resource officers.

What do the schools pay for school resource officers?

School resource officers are funded by the City of St. Louis Park. No cost is incurred by the schools we serve.

What methods fall under use of force?

Use-of-force methods can range from verbal contact to deadly force. St. Louis Park Police Department policy defines use of force as “intentional actions by an officer that the officer knows, or reasonably should know, is likely to cause a nonconsensual, harmful or offensive bodily contact with another, or places another in imminent fear of a nonconsensual, harmful or offensive bodily contact.”

How is “deadly force” defined?

St. Louis Park Police Department policy defines deadly force as “force actually used by an officer against another with which the officer knows, or reasonably should know, creates a substantial risk of causing death or great bodily harm. The intentional discharge of a firearm in the direction of another person, or at a vehicle in which another person is believed to be, constitutes deadly force.”

What training do officers receive regarding use of force?

The St. Louis Park Police Department provides annual use-of-force training that integrates techniques of de-escalation that help in achieving positive outcomes. Officers are required to give information on police reports where de-escalation techniques were used and are trained in describing their use of verbal de-escalation in those reports. This allows tracking of these methods and their outcomes.

In 2017, the Minnesota Legislature required police officer training in conflict management to promote the safety of all those involved and positive crisis resolution (MS 626-8452). Conflict management, as defined by the statute and peace officer learning objectives, has as its goal safe practices and positive outcomes. Officers are trained in skills and tactics, the integration of these into decision-making processes and giving people the opportunity to be heard during encounters with law enforcement. All St. Louis Park police officers meet or exceed the state-required mandated training.

Is de-escalation training required?

Department policy requires the use of de-escalation techniques and other alternatives, when safe to do so, before resorting to force. The St. Louis Park Police Department provides annual use-of-force training that integrates techniques of de-escalation that strives towards positive outcomes. All police reports written by officers feature a checkbox to indicate occasions where de-escalation techniques were used and allows tracking of the outcomes of these techniques. We are committed to training officers in crisis intervention tactic and have trained almost two-thirds of all sworn personnel in this critical skill to date. The 40-hour course officers attend features an in-depth look at mental illness, people undergoing crisis events and the challenges these pose for first responders and our community. Mental health advocates and recipients of services also contribute to the interactive and intense class experience.

What is the policy on neck restraints/choke holds? Are officers allowed to use this method?

Department policy prohibits choke holds except in situations where deadly force would be justified. Choke holds are not taught to St. Louis Park police officers as part of training.

Do officers have to exhaust all alternatives before using deadly force?

Deadly force is permitted by department policy if an objectively reasonable officer would believe, based on the totality of the circumstances, that such force is necessary, and the situation must be addressed through the use of force without unreasonable delay. Officers are not required; however, to first attempt using types of force that reasonably appear to be inadequate to defend or establish control effectively.

Are officers required to follow a use-of-force continuum?

Department policy states that officers are required to use only the level of force that is reasonably necessary under the circumstances. Use of force in our department policies and training is based on the test prescribed by the Supreme Court. Under this standard, an officer must apply levels of force that are constitutionally appropriate, based on the circumstances present in the specific situation with which they are confronted. Force should be applied in an “objectively reasonable” manner and the most important factor to be considered when applying force is the threat faced by the officer(s) and/or others present. However, officers are not required to first attempt using types of force that reasonably appear to be inadequate to defend or establish control effectively.

Are officers required to give a warning before shooting or making another use of deadly force?

Department policy states officers should give a verbal warning of their intent to use deadly force, if feasible, before using or attempting to use deadly force. U.S. courts have suggested that feasibility in such situations involves analysis of timing, audibility and whether the giving of a warning would be likely to be effective or practicable.

Do officers have a duty to intervene when they observe uses of excessive force?

Department policy requires officers to intercede when observing another officer using force beyond that which is objectively reasonable.

Are St. Louis Park Police Department officers trained to perform and seek necessary medical action after using force?

Yes. St. Louis Park police officers are regularly trained to render medical aid to all persons in need of care, and to request the assistance of others such as EMTs and paramedics with a higher level of training appropriate to the extent of the injury. State law requires anyone who discharges a firearm and knows or has reason to know this caused injury to another to investigate the extent of the person’s injuries and provide appropriate help.

Are officers allowed to shoot at moving vehicles?

This is not allowed unless a St. Louis Park police officer believes they or others are in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm. The intentional discharge of a firearm in the direction of a vehicle believed to be occupied by a person is defined by department policy as deadly force, which then must meet all the statutory and policy requirements for the use of such force.

Are officers required to thoroughly document and make a comprehensive reporting of use/threatened use of force?

Yes. Department policy requires officers using or threatening the use of deadly or non-deadly force to prepare a “Response to Resistance Report,” in addition to all other needed reports about the event. This report is subject to review by the officer’s immediate supervisor and two members of the department’s command staff to ensure appropriateness and compliance with department policy. An annual reporting and analysis of these uses of force is conducted under the supervision of police department command staff.

In addition to a description of the situation and events leading up to the contact, the report requires officers to:

• describe whether their firearm was drawn, displayed, or pointed at a person;
• what kind of “open hand” (no weapon involved) control methods were employed;
• whether any blows or strikes were delivered to a person’s body;
• whether a “takedown” or other physical control method was employed;
• the display or firing of a conducted energy weapon, such as a Taser, was involved;
• and whether an impact weapon such as a baton or chemical irritant spray was used.

The report also requires officers to discuss and set out the progression from one type of force to another, if a progression was involved and what the subject’s response to each of these was. The report completed by officers also includes a detailed description of injuries to anyone involved.

On what foundation is the department’s use-of-force policies and training based?

A general rule in the use-of-force section of St. Louis Park Police Department policy is to use the least amount of force reasonably necessary to accomplish the intended objective, without affecting the safety of others. This approach is also reinforced by scenario-based training, which emphasizes the creation of time and space for de-escalation tactics, and documenting incidents of force through body-worn camera video and accurate report writing.

What are the department’s policing strategies?

In addition to responding to crime and calls for service, the police department concentrates efforts on prevention and resolving quality of life issues that affect the well-being of the community. The department uses various operational strategies to deliver police services based on the nature of the incident or problem. These strategies are all grounded in the philosophy of community-oriented policing.

Does the department use body-worn cameras?

Yes. In its 2015 final report, the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing noted that the use of technology in policing is one of the six most important initiatives to build trust and legitimacy in policing. To ensure trust and legitimacy is maintained, technology must be evaluated, comprehensive polices developed and officers trained on appropriate use before the technology is implemented. The April 2019 implementation of body-worn cameras for St. Louis Park officers was preceded by months of careful work, in partnership with community groups, on development of a policy and then officer training. Read the final policy and learn more about the policy development, as well as find some frequently asked questions and answers about body-worn cameras.

How does the police department address mental health issues in the community?

We have seen an increase in calls for service related to mental health issues in our community. These events include complex and challenging factors for officers. We connect and engage regularly with community stakeholders and resources to improve our ability to bring about the best possible outcomes. We are committed to training officers in Crisis Intervention Tactics and have trained almost two-thirds of all sworn personnel in this critical skill to date. The 40-hour course that officers attend features an in-depth look at mental illness, people undergoing crisis events and the challenges these pose for first responders and our community. Mental health advocates and recipients of services also contribute to the interactive and intense class experience. Learn more about crisis intervention tactics. In addition to training officers to recognize and respond to signs of mental illness, a Hennepin County social worker works at the St. Louis Park Police Department and is available to help officers compassionately and effectively address these difficult issues.

What is the department’s position on enforcing federal immigration laws?

To maintain its strong partnership with the community the department does not enforce federal immigration laws and it has never been its practice to do so. Furthermore, the St. Louis Park Police Department does not ask the immigration status of community members. The department is, however, obligated by federal law to notify federal authorities when a person has been arrested by St. Louis Park police officers for a violation of state or local laws that officers are tasked to enforce, if the person has a federal detainer, warrant or alert assigned by a federal authority.

Does the department participate in the of federal military equipment?

No. The St. Louis Park Police Department has not and does not participate in purchasing federal military equipment.

What is the police department budget and how is it allocated?

The police department’s 2024 budget is $12.3 million. The costs are broken down as follows:

• $12.3 million operating budget for the police department, of which $11.2 million is for personnel costs (wages, benefits, etc.)
• The operating budget for the public safety dispatch center includes $1.2 million is for personnel costs (wages, benefits, etc.)
• The remaining approximately $1.1 million is used for training, employee wellness, equipment, uniforms and programs that support the community

How does the police department’s budget support the mission of the police department?

It takes financial resources to follow the community-oriented policing model, and the St. Louis Park City Council has provided those resources year after year. Having more officers available allows us to engage in outreach and building healthy relationships with the community, rather than serving solely in a responsive mode to calls for service. Partnerships with our schools, business community and faith-based communities assist us with understanding the community’s needs and responding responsibly. Community outreach ranges from pop-up programs like Basketball in the Park or Coffee with a Cop to more in-depth programs like the Citizens' Police Academy. In partnership with the St. Louis Park Community Education ESL program, the police department also hosts a New American’s Academy. These programs allow us to build connections and trust with our residents. We have also devoted considerable resources toward comprehensive training in the use of de-escalation techniques, crisis intervention team training, cultural awareness and biased policing training. Embracing systemic reforms and continuing to improve police training, policies and procedures will require both dedicated resources and an enduring commitment from police leaders, community members and elected officials.

How is the department addressing each of the #8cantwait initiatives?

Below is the department policy on each of the suggested #8cantwait initiatives:

Ban chokeholds and strangleholds

Department policy prohibits choke holds except in situations where deadly force would be justified. Choke holds are not taught to St. Louis Park police officers as part of training.

Require de-escalation

The St. Louis Park Police Department provides annual use-of-force training that integrates techniques of de-escalation that strives towards positive outcomes. All police reports written by officers feature a checkbox to indicate occasions where de-escalation techniques were used and allows tracking of the outcomes of these techniques. We are committed to training officers in crisis intervention tactics and have trained almost two-thirds of all sworn personnel in this critical skill to date. The 40-hour course officers attend features an in-depth look at mental illness, people undergoing crisis events and the challenges these pose for first responders and our community. Mental health advocates and recipients of services also contribute to the interactive and intense class experience.

Require warning before shooting

Department policy states officers should give a verbal warning, if feasible, before using or attempting to use deadly force. U.S. courts have suggested that feasibility in such situations involves analysis of timing, audibility and whether the giving of a warning would be likely to be effective or practicable.

Exhaust all alternatives before shooting

Deadly force is permitted by department policy only when necessary to protect the officer or another from death or great bodily harm, or to effect the arrest or capture of someone who has attempted or committed a felony involving the use or threatened use of deadly force, or is likely to cause death or great bodily harm if their arrest or capture is delayed. The department policy further states that officers are required to use the least amount of force reasonably necessary to gain control or defend against attack without impairing the safety of others. Officers are not required, however, to first attempt using types of force that reasonably appear to be inadequate to defend or establish control effectively.

Duty to intervene when observing use of deadly force

Department policy requires officers to report to a supervisor misconduct, violations of rules or policies, anything that may affect the welfare of the department or any illegal activity by other officers. Violations of this policy may result in formal discipline or termination from employment. The policy also states that failure to recognize and take appropriate actions on the commission of a criminal act, such as an assault or illegal use of deadly force, is prohibited as unsatisfactory performance. The policy addresses illegal orders from superiors and requires that officers shall not obey any order that would require them to violate the law, such as a command to use a constitutionally prohibited level of force.

Ban shooting at moving vehicles

This is not allowed unless a St. Louis Park police officer believes they or others are in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm. The intentional discharge of a firearm in the direction of a vehicle believed to be occupied by a person is defined by department policy as deadly force, which then must meet all the statutory and policy requirements for the use of such force.

Require use of force continuum

Department policy states that officers are required to use only the level of force that is reasonably necessary under the circumstances. Use of force in our department policies and training is based on the test prescribed by the Supreme Court. Under this standard, an officer must apply levels of force that are constitutionally appropriate, based on the circumstances present in the specific situation with which they are confronted. Force should be applied in an “objectively reasonable” manner and the most important factor to be considered when applying force is the threat faced by the officer(s) and/or others present. However, officers are not required to first attempt using types of force that reasonably appear to be inadequate to defend or establish control effectively.

Require comprehensive reporting

Department policy requires officers using or threatening the use of deadly or non-deadly force to prepare a “Response to Resistance Report,” in addition to all other needed reports about the event. This report is subject to review by the officer’s immediate supervisor and two members of the department’s command staff to ensure appropriateness and compliance with department policy. An annual reporting and analysis of these uses of force is conducted under the supervision of police department command staff.

In addition to a description of the situation and events leading up to the contact, the report requires officers to:

• describe whether their firearm was drawn, displayed, or pointed at a person;
• what kind of “open hand” (no weapon involved) control methods were employed;
• whether any blows or strikes were delivered to a person’s body;
• whether a “takedown” or other physical control method was employed;
• the display or firing of a conducted energy weapon, such as a Taser, was involved;
• and whether an impact weapon such as a baton or chemical irritant spray was used.

The report also requires officers to discuss and set out the progression from one type of force to another, if a progression was involved and what the subject’s response to each of these was. The report completed by officers also includes a detailed description of injuries to anyone involved.

How does the police department partner with other agencies?

While the police department partners with a number of agencies on various initiatives, most recent questions have been about the West Command Mobile Field Force.

What is the West Command Mobile Field Force?

The West Command Mobile Field Force includes 28 Hennepin County cities, except for the City of Minneapolis. It’s a collaboration to help members of the group with emergencies that exceed their individual capacities. The St. Louis Park Police Department is part of this group and helps other jurisdictions in need of immediate police support, with the understanding that other members would respond to help the City of St. Louis Park and the St. Louis Park Police Department if needed.

What is the structure of the West Command Mobile Field Force?

The chiefs of each police department in the task force have agreed on the commitments of each department, equipment they would provide and the command structure of the West Command Mobile Field Force. The Hennepin County Chiefs of Police, including St. Louis Park Police Chief Mike Harcey, provide overall leadership. When one member of the group asks for help the remaining members coordinate their staffing to manage the use of the combined team.

What was the St. Louis Park Police Department’s role in Brooklyn Center in April 2021?

On April 11, 2021, the St. Louis Park Police Department received a mutual aid request from Brooklyn Center to assist in securing the crime scene following the shooting of Daunte Wright by a Brooklyn Center police officer. This was to protect the integrity of the crime scene so that investigators could conduct their work.

On several evenings between then and April 20, between 9 and 10 St. Louis Park police officers responded to the scene of civil unrest in Brooklyn Center, as part of the St. Louis Park Police Department’s participation in the West Command Mobile Field Force. The role of officers was to protect everyone’s right to peacefully assemble, to protect life and property and to provide overall support. St. Louis Park police officers detained several people who were eventually identified and released at the scene. St. Louis Park police officers didn’t use any crowd control measures (chemical agents or less-than-lethal methods). Their role was to support the City of Brooklyn Center. This staffing allowed the city to fulfill its agreement to the West Command Mobile Field Force while also maintaining sufficient police staffing in St. Louis Park.

Who is leading St. Louis Park police officers when they are responding outside of St. Louis Park?

While St. Louis Park officers are assigned to the on-scene commander when they respond outside of St. Louis Park, officers remain under the direct management of a St. Louis Park Police Department law enforcement supervisor. Regardless of where they are serving, St. Louis Park police officers are expected to continue to follow the values and community-oriented policing culture of the St. Louis Park Police Department, and to conduct themselves no differently than they would in St. Louis Park.

What rules govern St. Louis Park police officers in use of force or other methods while responding outside of St. Louis Park?

Any use of force or of chemical agents or less-than-lethal methods by St. Louis Park officers must be documented and reviewed by the St. Louis Park Police Department, regardless of where that activity takes place. St. Louis Park police officers must follow the St. Louis Park Police Department’s use of force policy no matter where they are serving. Regardless of where they are serving, St. Louis Park police officers have the obligation and duty to refuse any direction that is illegal, immoral or unethical or that violates St. Louis Park Police Department policies or values.

How does participation in the West Command Mobile Field Force, and engagement in Brooklyn Center, align with the city’s community-oriented policing model, and the city’s commitment to race equity?

The presence of St. Louis Park police officers in Brooklyn Center does not mean the City of St. Louis Park condones or supports the actions of the Brooklyn Center police officer who shot and killed Daunte Wright. We understand that some may perceive the response to assist Brooklyn Center as choosing the side of law enforcement over that of those harmed by violence. This is not the case.

As a suburban police department serving the St. Louis Park community, it’s important to find ways to benefit from collaboration with other agencies when additional assistance is needed. Preparedness means to be ready for large-scale events and emergencies. That preparedness includes providing space for peaceful protests and preventing those from becoming unlawful. It also means being ready for active shooter situations or natural disasters or other emergencies that may require assistance from other police departments in the region. If we want others to help us when we are in need, we must reciprocate.

On April 19, 2021, St. Louis Park Police Chief Mike Harcey provided the St. Louis Park City Council with information about the West Command Mobile Field Force and its response in Brooklyn Center. On Friday, April 23, 2021, the St. Louis Park City Council met in closed session as permitted by Minnesota law, for the council to receive a public safety briefing from St. Louis Park Police Chief Mike Harcey. No formal action was taken at this meeting.

The City of St. Louis Park and the St. Louis Park Police Department are committed to protecting the right of people to peacefully assemble and to ensuring journalists are able to do their jobs without interference. Lessons can be learned from any incident in which the city is involved, including most recently the assistance provided by the police department as part of a mutual aid response to civil unrest in Brooklyn Center. The city and the police department will be closely following developments as the Minnesota Peace Officers Standards and Training (POST) board considers new rules for law enforcement responses to protests. Any formal resolution or action taken by the council, whether about public safety or any other topic, will be made in a regular meeting of the council that is open to the public and to the media.

How does the West Command Mobile Field Force fit in with Operation Safety Net?

The West Command Mobile Field Force is a collaboration of 28 cities in Hennepin County, except the City of Minneapolis. The Hennepin County Chiefs of Police, including St. Louis Park Police Chief Mike Harcey, provide overall leadership. While the West Command Mobile Field Force shares information with Operation Safety Net as part of the Multi Agency Command Center, the West Command Mobile Field Force is not part of Operation Safety Net and maintains an independent command structure. The West Command Mobile Field Force will continue as a collaboration beyond the trial of Derek Chauvin to ensure preparedness for large-scale events and emergencies in participating communities.

Operation Safety Net was a coordinated effort to ensure the safety of the public during the trial of Derek Chauvin. This was a joint effort between the City of Minneapolis, Hennepin County, and the State of Minnesota, as well as Metro Transit, Ramsey County and other local jurisdictions. Agencies that are part of the effort include Minneapolis Police, Metro Transit Police, Hennepin County Sheriff’s Office, Ramsey County Sheriff’s Office, the Minnesota State Patrol, the Minnesota National Guard and other entities.